Calakmul

Calakmul (rjeđe Kalakmul) je arheološki lokalitet Maja koji se nalazi u današnjoj meksičkoj državi Campeche, duboko u džunglama šireg bazena Peten. Nalazi se od 35 km od gvatemalanske granice. Calakmul je bio jedan od najvećih i najmoćnijih gradova ikada otkrivenih na području nekadašnje majanske nizine. Calakmul je suvremeno ime; u svoje vrijeme je jezgra grada bila poznata kao Ox Te' Tuun.

Calakmul je bila vodeća majanska sila u regionu Sjevernog Petena na Yucatanu u današnjem južnom Meksiku. Calakmul je pod vlašću imao veliku teritoriju označenu širokom distribucijom glifa s amblemom zmijske glave, a koji je značio "Kaan". Calakmul je bio sjedište entiteta koji su suvremeni historičari prozvali Kraljevstvo Zmije ili Zmijsko Kraljevstvo. Ovo Zmijsko Kraljevstvo je postojalo najveći dio klasičnog perioda. Za sam Calakmul se pretpostavlja da je imao 50.000 stanovnika i vlast, barem u nekim periodima, nad lokacijama udaljenim 150 kilometara. Postoji 6.750 drevnih građevina u Calakmulu od kojih je najveća piriamida. Struktura 2 je visoka preko 45 m, što je čini jednom od najviših piramida. U piramidi su otkrivena četiri groba. Kao i mnogi hramovi i piramide u Mezoamerici, piramida u Calakmulu se nadograđivala na ranije strukture dok nije došla do sadašnje veličine. Veličina centralnog arhitekturnog kompleksa je oko 2 km², a cijelo nalazište, uključujući gusta stambena naselja, oko 20 km².

Calakmul je tokom klasičnog perioda bio u žestokom suparništvu sa velikim južnim gradom Tikal, te su mnogi politički događaji iz tog doba vezani uz borbu dvije majanske supersile.

Grad je otkriven iz zraka od strane biologa Cyrusa L. Lundella u službi Mexican Exploitation Chicle Company 29. decembra 1931. Otkriće je prijavio Sylvanus G. Morley iz Instituta Carnegie u Chichen Itzi u martu 1932. Prema Lundellu, koji je otkrio grad "na majanskom 'ca' znači 'dva', 'lak' znači 'bliski', a 'mul' znači umjetno brdo ili piramida, pa je 'Calakmul' u stvari 'Grad dvije bliske piramide'."

Literatura

  • Braswell, Geoffrey E.; Gunn, Joel D.; Dominguez Carrasco, María del Rosario; Folan, William J.; Fletcher, Laraine A.; Morales López, Abel and Glascock, Michael D. (2005). "Defining the Terminal Classic at Calakmul, Campeche". u: Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. str. 162–194. ISBN . OCLC 61719499.
  • Domínguez, María del Rosario; and William J. Folan (1996). "Calakmul, México: Aguadas, bajos, precipitación y asentamiento en el Petén Campechano." (VERSIóN DIGITAL). IX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1995 (edited by J.P. Laporte and H. Escobedo) (Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología): 147–173. Pristupljeno 2009-11-15.  ((es))
  • Drew, David (1999). The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN . OCLC 43401096. 
  • Fahsen, Federico (2002). "Rescuing the Origins of Dos Pilas Dynasty: A Salvage of Hieroglyphic Stairway #2, Structure L5-49". The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI). http://www.famsi.org/reports/01098/index.html. pristupljeno 12. 07. 2010.. 
  • Folan, William S.; Joyce Marcus; Sophia Pincemin; Maria del Rosario Dominguez Carrasco; Loraine Fletcher and Abel Morales Lopez (December 1995a). "Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya Capitol in Campeche, Mexico". Latin American Antiquity 6 (4): 310–334. 
  • Folan, William J.; Joyce Marcus and W. Frank Miller (1995b). "Verification of a Maya Settlement Model through Remote Sensing.". Cambridge Archaeological Journal (Cambridge University Press) 5 (2): 277–283. doi:10.1017/S0959774300015067. 
  • Hammond, Norman (2000). "The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes". u: Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. str. 197–249. ISBN . OCLC 33359444. 
  • Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN . OCLC 52208614. 
  • Martin, Simon (2005), Recently Uncovered Murals and Facades at Calakmul 
  • Martin, Simon; and Nikolai Grube (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN . OCLC 47358325. 
  • Miller, Mary Ellen (1999). Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN . OCLC 41659173. 
  • Reents-Budet, Dorie; Antonia E. Foias; Ronald L. Bishop; M. James Blackman and Stanley Guenter (2007). "Interacciones políticas y el Sitio Ik’ (Motul de San José): Datos de la cerámica." (PDF ONLINE PUBLICATION). XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2006 (edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía) (Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala): 1416–1436. Pristupljeno 2010-07-15.  ((es))
  • Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis, and Barbara Moffett (2002-09-19). "Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world" (PDF ONLINE PUBLICATION). Exploration: the online research journal of Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications). OCLC 50324967. Pristupljeno 2009. 
  • Schele, Linda; and David Freidel (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN . OCLC 24501607. 
  • Sharer, Robert J.; with Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) izd.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN . OCLC 57577446. 
  • Stuart, David; and George Stuart (2008). Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN . OCLC 227016561. 
  • Webster, David L. (2002). The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN . OCLC 48753878. 

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Mitch Mitchell
4 November 2013
The peak of cultural activity was the Late Classic Mayan Period (542–695 AD). Three large groups of structures been explored at the extensive site, enscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.
Michael Fuchs
2 March 2018
Lots to see and discover. The way the jungle reconquered the ruins is great to see. I did the long walk and saw spider monkeys on the way. It took 3 hours.
Armando Diaz
13 July 2018
Such a beautiful and inspiring place. Has unique views and even more awesome is that you can still climb the piramids.
Dianne Hedez
8 June 2018
Toda la zona de Campeche tiene excelentes zonas arqueológicos. Entre ella la Biosfera de calakmul
Ivan Mercado
15 March 2019
Algunas cosas que me hubiera gustado saber antes de visitarlo: 1. Está LEJÍSIMOS de Campeche, manejando mínimo son 5 horas. 2. Hace falta un guía o alguien que te oriente acerca del sitio.
Raphaël Haering
11 November 2021
Magnifique, prendre à boire la route et longue 60 km dans la forêt et minimum 2km à pieds sur le site
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